Importance of the Western Ghats
Western Ghats Ecologically Sensitive Areas: The Western Ghats are one of the eight “hottest hotspots” of biodiversity globally. Spanning six Indian states, they are home to countless endemic species and form the origin of major river systems like the Godavari, Krishna, and Kaveri.
Static GK fact: The Western Ghats were declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2012 due to their ecological significance.
Past efforts to protect the Ghats
In 2012, the Madhav Gadgil Committee recommended that the entire Western Ghats be declared Ecologically Sensitive Areas (ESA). However, strong opposition from state governments led to its rejection. It was replaced by the more moderate Kasturirangan Committee, which suggested protecting 56,825 sq km out of the total area.
Current ESA review in 2025
A fresh review is underway, led by Sanjay Kumar, with a focus on Gujarat, Maharashtra, and Goa. This comes after years of stalled consensus. These three states are cooperating with the panel, and separate notifications are being considered to speed up protection.
Static GK tip: Gujarat’s Western Ghats portion is the smallest among the six states, while Kerala has the highest proportion of ecologically sensitive areas.
State-wise response
- Gujarat has submitted minimal ESA area.
- Maharashtra has actively provided updated data.
- Goa has shown compliance with the committee’s demands.
The other states—Kerala, Karnataka, and Tamil Nadu—will be addressed in later stages.
Consensus roadblocks
Karnataka has raised strong objections to the Kasturirangan recommendations, fearing adverse effects on local economies, plantation sectors, and real estate. This highlights the complex balance between conservation and development.
Legal and ecological priorities
The panel is cautious about legal compliance. Incentives are being explored to encourage states to support ESA measures. The larger goal remains protecting the ecological balance while ensuring sustainable livelihoods.
Triggering events increase urgency
The Wayanad landslides have intensified the urgency for environmental protections. Experts cite these events as direct outcomes of unchecked development in sensitive zones.
Static GK fact: Wayanad district lies in the northern part of Kerala’s Western Ghats, a region frequently affected by heavy monsoons.
What’s next?
The committee will finalise its review by August 2025. Phased notifications may be issued, ensuring states are not delayed by collective decision-making. This approach could lead to quicker implementation of critical conservation measures.
Static Usthadian Current Affairs Table
Western Ghats Ecologically Sensitive Areas:
Topic | Detail |
Total ESA proposed by Kasturirangan | 56,825 sq km |
Western Ghats UNESCO tag year | 2012 |
Panel head for ESA review | Sanjay Kumar |
States under current ESA review | Gujarat, Maharashtra, Goa |
Madhav Gadgil Committee year | 2012 |
Kerala district hit by landslide | Wayanad |
Number of states in Western Ghats | Six |
Main rivers originating from Ghats | Godavari, Krishna, Kaveri |
Biodiversity status | Global hotspot |
Goa’s response to panel | Compliant |