Understanding Small Modular Reactors
Small Modular Reactors in India: Small Modular Reactors (SMRs) are advanced nuclear reactors designed to generate electricity with a capacity of up to 300 MW(e) per unit, which is nearly one-third the size of conventional nuclear reactors. Their compact design allows greater flexibility in deployment compared to large nuclear power plants.
India is planning to operationalise at least five indigenously designed SMRs by 2033 under the Nuclear Energy Mission, marking a significant shift in the country’s nuclear power strategy. These reactors are expected to complement large reactors rather than replace them.
Static GK fact: India’s nuclear power programme is administered by the Department of Atomic Energy (DAE), established in 1954.
Key Design Features of SMRs
The defining feature of SMRs is their modular construction. Reactor components are factory-fabricated, allowing better quality control and reduced construction timelines. These modules are then transported to the site for installation.
SMRs also offer portability and scalability. Power capacity can be increased incrementally by adding modules, making them suitable for remote regions, industrial clusters, and areas with limited grid infrastructure.
Static GK Tip: Traditional nuclear reactors in India usually exceed 700 MW(e) per unit, requiring large land areas and long gestation periods.
Strategic Importance for India
India’s current installed nuclear power capacity stands at 8.78 GW, which forms a small fraction of its total electricity generation mix. SMRs are seen as critical to achieving the long-term goal of 100 GW of nuclear capacity by 2047, aligned with India’s energy security and decarbonisation objectives.
SMRs support India’s commitment to low-carbon energy, as nuclear power produces minimal greenhouse gas emissions during operation. Their smaller size also improves grid stability, especially when integrated with renewable sources like solar and wind.
Role in Energy Security and Climate Goals
SMRs strengthen energy security by reducing dependence on fossil fuels and imported energy sources. Their ability to operate continuously makes them ideal for baseload power, unlike intermittent renewable sources.
From a climate perspective, nuclear energy supports India’s net-zero ambitions, as outlined in long-term national climate strategies. SMRs further enhance safety through passive safety systems, which rely on natural forces like gravity and convection rather than external power.
Static GK fact: India operates nuclear reactors primarily based on Pressurised Heavy Water Reactor (PHWR) technology.
Economic and Technical Challenges
Despite their advantages, SMRs face higher cost per kilowatt-hour compared to large reactors. The absence of economies of scale and the initial costs of indigenous design and licensing increase electricity tariffs in the short term.
Regulatory approvals, fuel management, and public acceptance also remain challenges. However, proponents argue that mass manufacturing and standardisation could significantly reduce costs over time.
Future Outlook
India’s focus on indigenously designed SMRs reflects its emphasis on technological self-reliance. If successfully deployed, SMRs could transform India’s nuclear landscape by making nuclear energy more accessible, flexible, and regionally adaptable.
The coming decade will be critical in determining whether SMRs can bridge the gap between clean energy demand and sustainable power generation.
Static Usthadian Current Affairs Table
Small Modular Reactors in India:
| Topic | Detail |
| Reactor Type | Small Modular Reactor |
| Power Capacity | Up to 300 MW(e) per unit |
| Mission | Nuclear Energy Mission |
| Planned Deployment | At least five SMRs by 2033 |
| Current Nuclear Capacity | 8.78 GW |
| Long-term Target | 100 GW by 2047 |
| Key Advantage | Modular, scalable, low-carbon power |
| Major Challenge | Higher cost per kilowatt-hour |
