Coal in India’s Energy Mix
Impacts of India’s Coal Sector: Coal remains the backbone of India’s energy supply. In 2022-23, coal and lignite generated 73% of electricity. Projections suggest coal will still contribute about 50% of power by 2031-32, even as renewables expand. This highlights India’s continued dependence on coal despite ambitious green energy goals.
Static GK fact: India is the world’s second-largest coal producer after China.
Environmental and Health Concerns
Coal mining and power plants produce severe air, water, and soil pollution. Dust emissions can push PM10 levels up to five times higher than safe limits. Fly ash, a major waste byproduct, contaminates fields and rivers, reducing fertility. Toxic metals such as cadmium and lead increase cancer risks, while silica exposure causes silicosis and respiratory disorders.
Static GK fact: Fly ash is used in cement, bricks, and road construction, but uncontrolled dumping harms ecosystems.
Regulatory and Legal Challenges
The National Green Tribunal (NGT) has dealt with numerous coal-related cases. Violations of pollution norms are frequent, and accountability is weak. Compensation mechanisms are inconsistent, often delayed, and sometimes never reach victims. While the principle of absolute liability is emphasized, enforcement remains poor.
Static GK fact: The NGT was established in 2010 under the National Green Tribunal Act.
Restoration and Clean-up Measures
NGT rulings mandate restoration of polluted sites, including rivers and mangroves. Funds have been allocated, but implementation suffers from delays, weak monitoring, and unclear timelines. Without strong enforcement, coal-affected regions continue to face environmental degradation.
Static GK Tip: India generates over 200 million tonnes of fly ash annually, much of which remains unutilized.
Recommendations for Sustainable Management
Experts suggest continuous monitoring of air, water, soil, and biodiversity. Strengthening pollution control boards with community involvement is vital. Health impact assessments should be made mandatory before approving coal projects. Traditional knowledge systems can guide livelihood-friendly restoration. Long-term data collection will improve compensation and policy decisions.
Just Transition for Coal Communities
India’s shift to renewables must include a just transition. Coal-dependent communities face economic, health, and livelihood challenges. Policies should integrate social justice, ensuring no one is left behind during the energy shift. Balancing development, sustainability, and equity is key to India’s energy future.
Static Usthadian Current Affairs Table
Impacts of India’s Coal Sector:
| Topic | Detail |
| Share of coal in India’s electricity (2022-23) | 73% |
| Projected coal share by 2031-32 | Around 50% |
| Major environmental impact | Air pollution, fly ash contamination, heavy metal toxicity |
| Key legal body | National Green Tribunal (NGT) |
| Year of establishment of NGT | 2010 |
| Principle emphasized by NGT | Absolute liability of polluters |
| Major health issue from fly ash | Silicosis and respiratory diseases |
| Fly ash generation in India | Over 200 million tonnes annually |
| Restoration measures ordered | River decontamination, mangrove rehabilitation |
| Key ministry for oversight | Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change |
