Birsa Munda’s 150th Birth Anniversary and National Tribal Pride

Birsa Munda’s Birth Anniversary

Birsa Munda’s 150th Birth Anniversary and National Tribal Pride: The nation marked the 150th birth anniversary of Birsa Munda on 15 November 2025. The Prime Minister paid tributes to honour his legacy as a symbol of tribal identity, resistance, and reform. This day also coincides with Janjatiya Gaurav Divas, which recognises the contribution of tribal communities in India’s freedom struggle. Static GK fact: The Government of India declared 15 November as Janjatiya Gaurav Divas in 2021.

Early Life and Influences

Birsa Munda was born in 1875 at Ulihatu in present-day Khunti district of Jharkhand. His birth name was Daud Munda. He belonged to the Munda tribe, one of the major tribes inhabiting the Chhotanagpur plateau. His early experiences with exploitation under colonial rule shaped his ideology and leadership. Static GK Tip: Jharkhand was carved out of Bihar on 15 November 2000, the birth anniversary of Birsa Munda.

Teachings and Social Reform

Birsa founded a socio-religious movement known as Birsait, promoting monotheism and moral discipline. He encouraged followers to believe in one God, avoid alcohol, maintain cleanliness, and revive traditional Munda practices. His teachings aimed to strengthen unity among tribal communities by eliminating the influence of missionaries and external forces. These reforms became the foundation of a strong cultural revival.

Leadership in Colonial Resistance

Birsa Munda led the historic Ulgulan (Great Tumult) to challenge oppressive colonial systems. The movement mobilised tribal groups across Chhotanagpur, Bengal, and Odisha against the Dikus, a term used for outsiders such as moneylenders, missionaries, and landlords. His fight against forced labour, land alienation, and exploitation made him a national icon. He is revered as Bhagwan Birsa and honoured with the title Dharti Aaba (Father of Earth).

Legacy and Impact

Birsa Munda died on 9 June 1900 in Ranchi Jail at the age of 25. Despite his short life, his resistance led to major reforms. The colonial government abolished the begar system and later enacted the Tenancy Act of 1903, recognising traditional Khuntkatti land rights. The Chotanagpur Tenancy Act, 1908 further protected tribal lands from being transferred to non-tribals. Static GK fact: The Chotanagpur Tenancy Act remains one of India’s strongest land protection laws for tribal communities.

Causes Behind the Munda Rebellion

The rebellion gained momentum due to various colonial policies. The introduction of the Zamindari system replaced traditional communal land ownership. Policies enforcing Beth begari (forced labour) increased exploitation. Missionary criticism of tribal culture further heightened resentment. Birsa’s movement united tribal communities to demand self-rule, which he envisioned as Munda Raj.

Significance Today

The celebration of Janjatiya Gaurav Divas reinforces the importance of tribal history in India’s nation-building. Birsa Munda’s life serves as a reminder of the resilience and cultural strength of India’s tribal communities. His contributions continue to inspire movements for land rights, dignity, and identity.

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Birsa Munda’s 150th Birth Anniversary and National Tribal Pride: